How it all began ...
Ever since visiting the exhibition 'Het geheim van de Middeleeuwen in gouddraad en zijde' (the secret of the Middle Ages in goldthread and silk) in 2015, I was fascinated by these works of art using goldwork embroidery techniques. During my training at the Royal School of Needlework a couple of years earlier, my passion for goldwork embroidery had been awakened. Putting the two together, I embarked on recreating an orphrey from the first quarter of the 16th-century (ABM t2107h) I had seen at the exhibition in 2015. Work on the St. Lawrence orphrey started in March 2016 and was finished in November 2017. A high-definition picture of the original, kindly provided by Museum Catharijneconvent, and the research papers in the exhibition catalogue 'Middeleeuwse borduurkunst in de Nederlanden' (Medieval embroidery in the Netherlands), as my guide.
Museum Catharijneconvent, Utrecht, foto Ruben de Heer
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Recreating a piece of embroidery that was made 500 years ago, poses a few challenges. This is not an embroidery kit. Comparing the original with my copy quickly shows how much finer the stitching is in the original. Especially the very fine silk shading in the face is a marvel. Silk shading with fine silk THROUGH a layer of goldthread to create Lawrence's hand was a special experience too. What became clear from my recreation, and has been suggested before, is that these pieces were not stitched by one person. There were at least two embroiderers involved: one for the figure and one for the architectural background. The person stitching the figure needed to be experienced in silk shading and or nue (shading with silk over pairs of goldthread). Whilst the person stitching the architectural backgrounds needed to be excellent with counted thread embroidery and padding techniques. My recreation even suggests that there was a third person involved, probably severely short-sighted, in creating the very fine silk shaded faces of the figures.
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My recreation of the St. Lawrence orphrey sparked the idea of using these historical embroidery techniques and the late-gothic stylistic language to create modern embroidery art. Combining the architectural background of an orphrey found on a chasuble from the first quarter of the 16th-century (BMH t2911) with an or nue figure of Pope Francis worked from a photograph. The project was started in September 2018 and finished in February 2019. The project was followed by two teaching projects in which architectural backgrounds from actual medieval orphreys (ABM t2114 & ABM t2165a) were combined with or nue flowers based on illustrations found in illuminated manuscripts.
Since March 2019, I have been working on a new art embroidery project involving the architectural background of a cope hood dating to 1520-1530 (ABM t2291) and the story of the drowned refugee boy from Syria, Alan Kurdi.
The research project
One thing that became quickly clear when recreating these embroideries was that there is little written about them from the point of view of an embroiderer. With very few exceptions these pieces have been interpreted by art historians. This made me wonder if we could extract more information from them by analysing the actual embroidery techniques used in great detail. In order to gather data, I visited embroidery exhibitions, looked in books and online catalogues and visited museum archives. A full list of sources used to date can be found at the bottom of this page. This is an ongoing project and new sources are added all the time. I have started by focussing on or nue and diaper pattern couching. It took many years to gather enough data that I, as an academic, felt safe to share preliminary results. With now well over 1650 pieces of medieval goldwork embroidery in my database, I am ready to share some insights with my students. This research forms the basis of my online embroidery course.
Sources used to date
Austria
Museum: Stift Sankt Paul im Lavanttal (visited 2017 and 2018), Benediktinerstift Admont (visited 2017), Kaiserliche Schatzkammer Wien (visited 2020), Diösezanmuseum Wien (visited 2020), Österreicgisches Museum für angewandte Kunst (visited 2020).
Literature: Braunsteiner, M. & H. Kaindl, 1998. Historische Textilien aus dem Sakralbereich. Graz: Diözesanmuseum Graz.
Petrascheck-Heim, I., 1970. Die Goldhauben und Textilien der hochmittelalterlichen Gräber von Villach-Judendorf, Neues aus Alt-Villach 7. Jahrbuch des Stadtmuseums, p. 56-190.
Online sources: Catalogue Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst, Diözesan Museum Wien, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien.
Belgium
Literature: Gerits, T.J., 1973. Historische schoonheid van Averbode. Abdij van Averbode.
Online sources: Erfgoed Brugge, Belgian Art Links and Tools, erfgoedinzicht.be.
France
Exhibition: L'Art en Broderie au Moyen Age, 24 October 2019-20 January 2020, Musee Cluny (visited).
Museum: Louvre (visited 2019).
Literature: Cougard-Fruman, J. & D.H. Fruman, 2010. Le tresor brode de la cathedrale du Puy-en-Velay. Paris: Albin Michel.
Descatoire, C. (ed), 2019. L'Art en Broderie au Moyen Age. Paris: Musee Cluny.
Online source: Louvre online catalogue.
Germany
Museums: Bayrisches Nationalmuseum (visited 2015 & 2022), Diözesanmuseum Augsburg (visited 2020), Diözesanmuseum Bamberg (visited 2020, 2021), Diözesanmuseum Eichstätt (visited 2021), Diözesanmuseum Freising (visited 2023), Diözesanmuseum Regensburg (visited 2015), Stiftsmuseum Xanten (visited 2015), Dommuseum Brandenburg (visited 2022), Dommuseum Fulda (visited 2019), Domschatz Halberstadt (visited 2022), Germanisches Nationalmuseum (visited 2020), Grassi Museum Leipzig (visited 2022), Merseburger Domschatz (visited 2022), Ottonianum Magdeburg (visited 2022), Rüstkammer Dresden (visited 2022), St. Annenmuseum Lübeck (visited 2022), Stiftsmuseum Xanten (visited 2015).
Literature: Bergemann, U.-Ch., 2010. Europäische Stickereien 1250-1650. Regensburg, Schnell & Steiner.
Borkopp-Restle, B., 2019. Der Schatz der Marienkirche zu Danzig. Affalterbach: Didymos.
Borkopp-Restle, B., 2002. Textile Schätze aus Renaissance und Barok aus den Sammlungen des Bayrischen Nationalmuseums. München: Bayrisches Nationalmuseum.
Durian-Ress, S., 1986. Meisterwerke mittelalterlicher Textilkunst aus dem Bayrischen Nationalmuseum. München: Schnell & Steiner.
Fircks, J. von, 2008. Liturgische Gewänder des Mittelalters aus St. Nikolai in Stralsund. Abegg-Stiftung, Riggisberg.
Grote, U., 1998. Der Schatz von St. Viktor. Mittelalterliche Kostbarkeiten aus dem Xantener Dom. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner.
Grünwoldt, R., 1993. Stickereien von der Vorzeit bis zur Gegenwart aus dem Besitz des Württembergischen Landesmuseums Stuttgart und der Schlösser Ludwigsburg, Solitude und Monrepos. München: Hirmer.
Herget, M. (Ed.), 2011. Des kaisers letzte Kleider.: Neue Forschungen zu den organischen Funden aus den Herrschergräbern im Dom zu Speyer. Historisches Museum der Pfalz, Speyer.
Hubel, A. (Ed.), 1976. Der Regensburger Domschatz. Schnell & Steiner.
Jehle, M. & E. Wetter (eds), 2005. Liturgische Gewänder und andere Paramente im Dom zu Brandenburg. Brandenburg: Schnell & Steiner.
Kohwagner-Nikolai, T., 2020. Kaisergewänder im Wandel - Goldgestickte Vergangenheitsinszenierung. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner.
Meller, H., Mundt, I., Schmuhl, B.E.H. (Eds.), 2008. Der heilige Schatz im Dom zu Halberstadt. Schnell + Steiner, Regensburg.
Minkenberg, G., Ben Kayed, S. (Eds.), 2014. Verlorene Schätze: Ehemalige Schatzstücke aus dem Aachener Domschatz. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg.
Mühlbächer, E., 1995. Europäische Stickereien vom Mittelalter bis zum Jugenstil aus der Textilsammlung des Berliner Kunstgewerbemuseums. Berlin: Reimer.
Müller-Christensen, S., 1955. Sakrale Gewänder des Mittelalters. Hirmer: München.
Müller-Christensen, S., 1960. Das Grab des Papstes Clemens II im Dom zu Bamberg. F. Bruckmann, München.
Schellenberg, A., 1928. Mittelalterliche Messgewänder in Schlesien. Jahrbuch des schlesischen Museums für Kunstgewerbe und Altertümer 9, p. 79–94.
Schuette, M. & S. Müller-Christensen, 1963. Das Stickereihandwerk. Tübingen: Wasmuth.
Sporbeck, G., 2001. Die liturgischen Gewänder 11. bis 19. Jahrhundert. Sammlungen des Museum Schnütgen 4. Museum Schnütgen, Köln.
Stolleis, K., 1992. Der Frankfurter Domschatz. Band I: Die Paramente. Frankfurt am Main: Waldemar Kramer.
Online Sources: Datenbank Bayrisches Nationalmuseum, Online-Datenbank Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Online-Datenbank Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Dom und Diözesanmuseum Speyer.
Hungary
Literature: Kovacs, T., 2005. The Coronation Mantle of the Hungarian Kings. Budapest: Hungarian National Museum.
Szilagyi, A., 1981. Mittelalterliche Messgewänder. In: P. Miklos, Die Sammlungen des Budapester Museums für Kunstgewerbe, p. 273-395.
Online Sources: Online Database Museum of Applied Arts.
Italy
Exhibition: Fili d'oro e dipinti di seta. Velutti e ricami tra Gotico e Rinascimento, 13 July-3 November 2019, Castello del Buonconsiglio (visited).
Museums: Kloster Marienberg (visited 2017), Museo Diocesano Palazzo Vescovile (visited 2017), Museo Diocesano Tridentino (visited 2019).
Literature: Dal Pra, L., M. Carmignani & P. Peri (eds), 2019. Fili d'oro e dipinti di seta. Velutti e ricami tra Gotico e Rinascimento. Trento: Castello del Buonconsiglio.
Devoti, D., D. Digilio & D. Primerano (eds), 1999. Vesti liturgiche e frammenti tessili nella raccolta del Museo Diocesano Tridentino. Trento: Museo Diocesano Tridentino.
Primerano, D. (ed), 2011. Una storia a ricamo. La ricomposizione di un raro ciclo boemo di fine Trecento. Trento: Museo Diocesano Tridentino.
Salucci, M. (ed), 2019. "Segni di maraviglia" i ricami su desegno del Pollaiolo per il parato di San Giovanni. Florence: Mandragora.
Online Sources: Musei Civici Reggio Emilia.
Lithuania
Exhibition: The embroidered heaven, 2017, Church Heritage Museum Vilnius (visited).
Literature: Pauliukeviciute, R., 2017. Siuvinetas dangus. Vilnius: Baznytinio Paveldo Muziejus.
Netherlands
Exhibition: Het geheim van de Middeleeuwen in gouddraad en zijde, 10 April-16 August 2015, Museum Catharijneconvent (visited).
Literature: Leeflang, M. & K. van Schooten (eds), 2015. Middeleeuwse borduurkunst uit de Nederlanden. Utrecht: Museum Catharijneconvent.
Online sources: Catalogue Museum Catharijneconvent, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.
Norway
Literature: Kroesen, J., Kuhn, S., 2022. The medieval church art collection: University Museum of Bergen (Norway). Schnell + Steiner, Regensburg.
Kielland, T.B., 1957. Skomakernes gyldne messehagel et Nederlandsk-Italiensk arbeide fra 1500-arenes begynnelse i historisk museum, universitetet i Bergen (=Universitetet i Bergen Skrifter 25), p. 1-29.
Online source: Unimusportalen.
Poland
Literature: Schellenberg, A., 1928. Mittelalterliche Messgewänder in Schlesien. Jahrbuch des schlesischen Museums für Kunstgewerbe und Altertümer 9, p. 79–94.
Starzewskiej, M. (Ed.), 2000. Ornamenta Silesiae. Muzeum Narodowe we Wrocławiu, Wrocław.
Online source: National Museum in Krakow.
Russia
Online source: Hermitage Museum.
Spain
Literature: Bango Torviso, Isidro G., ed. Maravillas de la España medieval: Tesoro Sagrado y Monarquía, 2 vols. León: Junta de Castilla y León, 2000.
Online source: Museo Episcopal Vic.
Sweden
Literature: Estham, I., 2001. Domkyrkans textilier från medeltid till nutid. In: Nisbeth, A. & I. Estham (eds), Linköpings domkyrka. Inredning och inventarier. Linköping, Linköping Domkyrka, p. 101-178.
Franzén, M.-L., 2005. Mässhaken - liturgins förnämsta plagg, in: Nilsson, H. (ed.), Helige kläder. Ystadiana. Ystads Fornminnesförening, Ystad, p. 92–109.
Geijer, A., 1964. Textile treasures of Uppsala Cathedral from eight centuries. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.
Switzerland
Literature: Wetter, E., 2012. Mittelalterliche Textilien III. Stickerei bis um 1500 und figürlich gewebte Borten. Riggisberg: Abegg-Stiftung.
United Kingdom
Exhibition: Opus Anglicanum: Masterpieces of English Medieval Embroidery, October 2016-February 2017, Victoria & Albert Museum (visited).
Museum: Victoria & Albert Museum and their research facility the Clothworkers' Centre (visited 2019).
Literature: Boak, R., 2013. Sacred Stitches: Ecclesiastical textiles in the Rothschild collection at Waddesdon manor. National Trust, Waddesdon Manor.
Browne, C., G. Davies & M.A. Michael (eds), 2016. English medieval embroidery Opus Anglicanum. London: Victoria & Albert Museum.
Gajdošová, J., Reeves, M., 2023. Those who pray: Monastic Communities in medieval Europe. Sam Fogg, London.
Garrett, R., Reeves, M., 2018. Late medieval and Renaissance textiles. Sam Fogg, London.
King, M., King, D., 1990. European Textiles in the Keir Collection 400 BC to 1800 AD. faber and faber, London.
Michael, M.A. (ed.), 2016. The age of Opus Anglicanum. London: Harvey Miller Publishers.
Online source: Catalogue British Museum, Catalogue Victoria & Albert Museum.
United States of America
Literature: Cavallo, A.S., 1986. Textiles Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. Boston: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.
Online source: Art Institute Chicago, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Cleveland Museum of Art, Fine Arts Museum of San Fransisco, Indianapolis Museum of Fine Arts, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gardener Museum, Seattle Art Museum, The Hispanic Society Museum, The Walters Art Museum, Toledo Museum of Art.
Museum: Stift Sankt Paul im Lavanttal (visited 2017 and 2018), Benediktinerstift Admont (visited 2017), Kaiserliche Schatzkammer Wien (visited 2020), Diösezanmuseum Wien (visited 2020), Österreicgisches Museum für angewandte Kunst (visited 2020).
Literature: Braunsteiner, M. & H. Kaindl, 1998. Historische Textilien aus dem Sakralbereich. Graz: Diözesanmuseum Graz.
Petrascheck-Heim, I., 1970. Die Goldhauben und Textilien der hochmittelalterlichen Gräber von Villach-Judendorf, Neues aus Alt-Villach 7. Jahrbuch des Stadtmuseums, p. 56-190.
Online sources: Catalogue Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst, Diözesan Museum Wien, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien.
Belgium
Literature: Gerits, T.J., 1973. Historische schoonheid van Averbode. Abdij van Averbode.
Online sources: Erfgoed Brugge, Belgian Art Links and Tools, erfgoedinzicht.be.
France
Exhibition: L'Art en Broderie au Moyen Age, 24 October 2019-20 January 2020, Musee Cluny (visited).
Museum: Louvre (visited 2019).
Literature: Cougard-Fruman, J. & D.H. Fruman, 2010. Le tresor brode de la cathedrale du Puy-en-Velay. Paris: Albin Michel.
Descatoire, C. (ed), 2019. L'Art en Broderie au Moyen Age. Paris: Musee Cluny.
Online source: Louvre online catalogue.
Germany
Museums: Bayrisches Nationalmuseum (visited 2015 & 2022), Diözesanmuseum Augsburg (visited 2020), Diözesanmuseum Bamberg (visited 2020, 2021), Diözesanmuseum Eichstätt (visited 2021), Diözesanmuseum Freising (visited 2023), Diözesanmuseum Regensburg (visited 2015), Stiftsmuseum Xanten (visited 2015), Dommuseum Brandenburg (visited 2022), Dommuseum Fulda (visited 2019), Domschatz Halberstadt (visited 2022), Germanisches Nationalmuseum (visited 2020), Grassi Museum Leipzig (visited 2022), Merseburger Domschatz (visited 2022), Ottonianum Magdeburg (visited 2022), Rüstkammer Dresden (visited 2022), St. Annenmuseum Lübeck (visited 2022), Stiftsmuseum Xanten (visited 2015).
Literature: Bergemann, U.-Ch., 2010. Europäische Stickereien 1250-1650. Regensburg, Schnell & Steiner.
Borkopp-Restle, B., 2019. Der Schatz der Marienkirche zu Danzig. Affalterbach: Didymos.
Borkopp-Restle, B., 2002. Textile Schätze aus Renaissance und Barok aus den Sammlungen des Bayrischen Nationalmuseums. München: Bayrisches Nationalmuseum.
Durian-Ress, S., 1986. Meisterwerke mittelalterlicher Textilkunst aus dem Bayrischen Nationalmuseum. München: Schnell & Steiner.
Fircks, J. von, 2008. Liturgische Gewänder des Mittelalters aus St. Nikolai in Stralsund. Abegg-Stiftung, Riggisberg.
Grote, U., 1998. Der Schatz von St. Viktor. Mittelalterliche Kostbarkeiten aus dem Xantener Dom. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner.
Grünwoldt, R., 1993. Stickereien von der Vorzeit bis zur Gegenwart aus dem Besitz des Württembergischen Landesmuseums Stuttgart und der Schlösser Ludwigsburg, Solitude und Monrepos. München: Hirmer.
Herget, M. (Ed.), 2011. Des kaisers letzte Kleider.: Neue Forschungen zu den organischen Funden aus den Herrschergräbern im Dom zu Speyer. Historisches Museum der Pfalz, Speyer.
Hubel, A. (Ed.), 1976. Der Regensburger Domschatz. Schnell & Steiner.
Jehle, M. & E. Wetter (eds), 2005. Liturgische Gewänder und andere Paramente im Dom zu Brandenburg. Brandenburg: Schnell & Steiner.
Kohwagner-Nikolai, T., 2020. Kaisergewänder im Wandel - Goldgestickte Vergangenheitsinszenierung. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner.
Meller, H., Mundt, I., Schmuhl, B.E.H. (Eds.), 2008. Der heilige Schatz im Dom zu Halberstadt. Schnell + Steiner, Regensburg.
Minkenberg, G., Ben Kayed, S. (Eds.), 2014. Verlorene Schätze: Ehemalige Schatzstücke aus dem Aachener Domschatz. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg.
Mühlbächer, E., 1995. Europäische Stickereien vom Mittelalter bis zum Jugenstil aus der Textilsammlung des Berliner Kunstgewerbemuseums. Berlin: Reimer.
Müller-Christensen, S., 1955. Sakrale Gewänder des Mittelalters. Hirmer: München.
Müller-Christensen, S., 1960. Das Grab des Papstes Clemens II im Dom zu Bamberg. F. Bruckmann, München.
Schellenberg, A., 1928. Mittelalterliche Messgewänder in Schlesien. Jahrbuch des schlesischen Museums für Kunstgewerbe und Altertümer 9, p. 79–94.
Schuette, M. & S. Müller-Christensen, 1963. Das Stickereihandwerk. Tübingen: Wasmuth.
Sporbeck, G., 2001. Die liturgischen Gewänder 11. bis 19. Jahrhundert. Sammlungen des Museum Schnütgen 4. Museum Schnütgen, Köln.
Stolleis, K., 1992. Der Frankfurter Domschatz. Band I: Die Paramente. Frankfurt am Main: Waldemar Kramer.
Online Sources: Datenbank Bayrisches Nationalmuseum, Online-Datenbank Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Online-Datenbank Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Dom und Diözesanmuseum Speyer.
Hungary
Literature: Kovacs, T., 2005. The Coronation Mantle of the Hungarian Kings. Budapest: Hungarian National Museum.
Szilagyi, A., 1981. Mittelalterliche Messgewänder. In: P. Miklos, Die Sammlungen des Budapester Museums für Kunstgewerbe, p. 273-395.
Online Sources: Online Database Museum of Applied Arts.
Italy
Exhibition: Fili d'oro e dipinti di seta. Velutti e ricami tra Gotico e Rinascimento, 13 July-3 November 2019, Castello del Buonconsiglio (visited).
Museums: Kloster Marienberg (visited 2017), Museo Diocesano Palazzo Vescovile (visited 2017), Museo Diocesano Tridentino (visited 2019).
Literature: Dal Pra, L., M. Carmignani & P. Peri (eds), 2019. Fili d'oro e dipinti di seta. Velutti e ricami tra Gotico e Rinascimento. Trento: Castello del Buonconsiglio.
Devoti, D., D. Digilio & D. Primerano (eds), 1999. Vesti liturgiche e frammenti tessili nella raccolta del Museo Diocesano Tridentino. Trento: Museo Diocesano Tridentino.
Primerano, D. (ed), 2011. Una storia a ricamo. La ricomposizione di un raro ciclo boemo di fine Trecento. Trento: Museo Diocesano Tridentino.
Salucci, M. (ed), 2019. "Segni di maraviglia" i ricami su desegno del Pollaiolo per il parato di San Giovanni. Florence: Mandragora.
Online Sources: Musei Civici Reggio Emilia.
Lithuania
Exhibition: The embroidered heaven, 2017, Church Heritage Museum Vilnius (visited).
Literature: Pauliukeviciute, R., 2017. Siuvinetas dangus. Vilnius: Baznytinio Paveldo Muziejus.
Netherlands
Exhibition: Het geheim van de Middeleeuwen in gouddraad en zijde, 10 April-16 August 2015, Museum Catharijneconvent (visited).
Literature: Leeflang, M. & K. van Schooten (eds), 2015. Middeleeuwse borduurkunst uit de Nederlanden. Utrecht: Museum Catharijneconvent.
Online sources: Catalogue Museum Catharijneconvent, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.
Norway
Literature: Kroesen, J., Kuhn, S., 2022. The medieval church art collection: University Museum of Bergen (Norway). Schnell + Steiner, Regensburg.
Kielland, T.B., 1957. Skomakernes gyldne messehagel et Nederlandsk-Italiensk arbeide fra 1500-arenes begynnelse i historisk museum, universitetet i Bergen (=Universitetet i Bergen Skrifter 25), p. 1-29.
Online source: Unimusportalen.
Poland
Literature: Schellenberg, A., 1928. Mittelalterliche Messgewänder in Schlesien. Jahrbuch des schlesischen Museums für Kunstgewerbe und Altertümer 9, p. 79–94.
Starzewskiej, M. (Ed.), 2000. Ornamenta Silesiae. Muzeum Narodowe we Wrocławiu, Wrocław.
Online source: National Museum in Krakow.
Russia
Online source: Hermitage Museum.
Spain
Literature: Bango Torviso, Isidro G., ed. Maravillas de la España medieval: Tesoro Sagrado y Monarquía, 2 vols. León: Junta de Castilla y León, 2000.
Online source: Museo Episcopal Vic.
Sweden
Literature: Estham, I., 2001. Domkyrkans textilier från medeltid till nutid. In: Nisbeth, A. & I. Estham (eds), Linköpings domkyrka. Inredning och inventarier. Linköping, Linköping Domkyrka, p. 101-178.
Franzén, M.-L., 2005. Mässhaken - liturgins förnämsta plagg, in: Nilsson, H. (ed.), Helige kläder. Ystadiana. Ystads Fornminnesförening, Ystad, p. 92–109.
Geijer, A., 1964. Textile treasures of Uppsala Cathedral from eight centuries. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.
Switzerland
Literature: Wetter, E., 2012. Mittelalterliche Textilien III. Stickerei bis um 1500 und figürlich gewebte Borten. Riggisberg: Abegg-Stiftung.
United Kingdom
Exhibition: Opus Anglicanum: Masterpieces of English Medieval Embroidery, October 2016-February 2017, Victoria & Albert Museum (visited).
Museum: Victoria & Albert Museum and their research facility the Clothworkers' Centre (visited 2019).
Literature: Boak, R., 2013. Sacred Stitches: Ecclesiastical textiles in the Rothschild collection at Waddesdon manor. National Trust, Waddesdon Manor.
Browne, C., G. Davies & M.A. Michael (eds), 2016. English medieval embroidery Opus Anglicanum. London: Victoria & Albert Museum.
Gajdošová, J., Reeves, M., 2023. Those who pray: Monastic Communities in medieval Europe. Sam Fogg, London.
Garrett, R., Reeves, M., 2018. Late medieval and Renaissance textiles. Sam Fogg, London.
King, M., King, D., 1990. European Textiles in the Keir Collection 400 BC to 1800 AD. faber and faber, London.
Michael, M.A. (ed.), 2016. The age of Opus Anglicanum. London: Harvey Miller Publishers.
Online source: Catalogue British Museum, Catalogue Victoria & Albert Museum.
United States of America
Literature: Cavallo, A.S., 1986. Textiles Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. Boston: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.
Online source: Art Institute Chicago, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Cleveland Museum of Art, Fine Arts Museum of San Fransisco, Indianapolis Museum of Fine Arts, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gardener Museum, Seattle Art Museum, The Hispanic Society Museum, The Walters Art Museum, Toledo Museum of Art.
How you can help
If you know of other sources (museums, online catalogues or books) on medieval goldwork embroidery, please let me know by sending me an email. Fellow textile researchers can connect with me on ResearchGate and Academia.