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Historical Embroidery News...

Can you stitch in winter?

4/4/2022

12 Comments

 
Duh! Of course, you can. After all, most of us have adequate heating and lighting in our modern homes. But what happens when that is not around? With the return of winter here in the Alps coinciding with the start of the museum season, the above question became suddenly relevant. As the climate is not very warm in Northern Europe, you do wonder if the production of high-quality goldwork orphreys was a year-round activity in the late medieval period. In addition, the amount of daylight would have been another prohibiting factor. The regulations of the embroiderers of Paris from AD 1292 expressly forbid stitching by candlelight. This is one of the reasons why I wanted to become a volunteer at the Glentleiten Open Air Museum. So let me tell you a bit more about the building I am working in, the embroidery I am working on and my clothing plans for the future.
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Copyright Glentleiten: Kitchen area of house Zehentmaier
Although we are blessed with a lot of old stuff here in Europe, you will probably not find a preserved home from the 1500-1550s complete with its original furniture. Although Glentleiten has houses built in 1482, 1508 and 1555, these have all been 'dressed' according to a much later date. Remember, these were people's homes until quite recently! And naturally many updates happened during the past 500 years. So, I am using a house built in 1637/38, but with a reconstructed interior from 1700. Still at least 150 years too young, but it will need to do. The house is named after one of the families that used to live there: Zehentmaier. The 'maier' bit of the name hints at the fact that these were farmers and the building was indeed used as a farm. Today, the ground floor houses the modern pottery, the old living room (which I use) and the old kitchen (interestingly situated in the hallway). There is also an upstairs with additional small rooms.

The above picture shows you the reconstructed kitchen. Cooking was done on an open fire. There is no real chimney. A fire-proof hood collects the smoke and leads it out through the attic and out into the open. Behind the modern iron gate in the middle of the picture, is the old living room (it can be closed off from the kitchen by a wooden door). You can see one of the small glazed windows at the far end. Just at the left rim of this picture is the entrance door. And there is a further entrance door on the right (not visible in this picture). The kitchen literally occupies part of the hallway and could easily be opened up by opening the doors. This undoubtedly helped with the fumes from the open fire. As you can see, it is all very basic and would probably not differ much from how many people lived in 1500-1550 (the first half of the 16th-century).
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Copyright Ricardolovesmonuments: Old living room of House Zehentmaier
Here you see a picture of the old living room. It has four small glazed windows (there is another one just outside the picture on the left). Back in the first half of the 16th-century, there would likely not have been glass. They would either have been open to the elements (with shutters) or they would have had oiled parchment as a covering. This produces a milky light. On a bright day, the light in the corner where the table stands, is fine for doing goldwork embroidery. However, what you can't see in this picture: the wall is made of wooden planks. The wooden planks have gaps... You are protected from the worst of the elements, but that is it. You cannot stitch here when the temperatures drop.
Picture
And this is me, last November, in my current stitching spot: in front of the oven. When the museum knows that I am coming, they fire her up three days (!) in advance. She is not fired through the night because of the danger of fire breaking out (remember: there is no real chimney).  Yesterday, the outside temperature was quite a bit lower than it was in November. When you come into the room, it feels quite nice. However, you start to cool out after about 30 minutes and you have a hard time getting warm again. By about three o'clock, you are getting comfortable again. The oven has then been burning for hours and it is about the warmest outside too. So, if you would be able to safely fire her through the night, you could embroider more comfortably. For the record: I was wearing jeans over thick tights, thick woollen socks, my walking boots, two t-shirts, a woollen Norwegian cardigan and a large woollen shawl! And underwear for those who wonder. At the moment, I am having a set of medieval replica clothes made and it will be interesting to see how they compare. By the way: I am still feeling quite stiff from having worked for a couple of hours in this quite cool environment.

But then there is the small, but somewhat important issue of lighting. The above picture is taken with flash. Back in November with its gloomy light, I had to use two lamps to work and be able to show visitors what I am doing. That's how gloomy the light can be in this room. This was definitely not the spot where an embroiderer could have been working in the first half of the 16th-century. Could the embroiderer have alternated between the spot in front of the window and then walk over to the oven to warm up? Theoretically, yes. However, for good embroidery, you need to get into a rhythm. That would have been difficult as you cool out quite quickly and you tend to warm up slowly.
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Hans the purse maker who is a great example of how not to work ergonomically correct ...
So, what was the solution? Where and when did people embroider back in the late medieval period? There is a lovely resource that depicts retired medieval craftsman going about their business: Die Hausbücher der Nürenberger Zwölfbrüderstiftungen. And although there is no medieval embroiderer depicted, there are other textile related crafts that probably give a good indication of how a contemporary embroiderer would have worked. Spoiler alert: it is going to be drafty.

- Heinrich Sibenburger, the cloth shearer, entered the almshouse in 1555. Heinrich works in front of an open window. 
- a cloth maker who works outside.
- as does the dyer.
- A weaver from the early 15th-century, there is only one 'glazed' window, the rest is open and he seems bare-legged.
- Another cloth shearer with small open windows in the background.
- This person combs wool in a rather open workshop around 1500.
- Otto is sitting outside in the late 15th-century to make cords.
- Hans is clearly struggling to see the sewing on the purse he is making in the early 16th-century.
- At around the same time, another Hans works his purses in the door opening.

It is unfortunate that the older depictions in the Hausbücher don't show any of the architecture. Pictures from after the middle of the 16th-century show increasingly larger glazed windows.
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Lots of very interested visitors and the cold made for very little progress on the or nue figure of St Nicholas. Are my experiences and observations comparable to that of a medieval embroiderer? To a certain extent. My medieval counterpart was likely a man. Typically, men have more muscle tissue than women do and this wonderful stuff generates heat. That's why men in general have fewer issues with being cold than women do.

Were medieval people just made of hardier stock than me? Yup. As a Westerner born in the last quarter of the 20th-century, I have had central heating at my disposal for most of my life (with a brief interruption when I was living in England: I was cold all the time. Older night-storage heaters are a crime against humanity.). And although we do not heat excessively, but put on a cardigan instead, I do not doubt that it is much more comfortable than it was in the medieval period.

Periodically, I will update you on my work in Glentleiten. It will be particularly interesting to see how my replica clothing holds up. And at what point I can actually move into the doorway or even completely outside with my stitching. Do come by to visit me if you can! You can find all the future data here. If you would like to learn medieval goldwork yourself in the contemporary surroundings of Glentleiten, have a look at last week's blog post. You don't need experience in goldwork embroidery to attend this two-day workshop. You do need to be able to thread a needle and a little general embroidery experience won't hurt (cross-stitch is fine!). Hope to see many of you at Glentleiten this year!
12 Comments
Marie-Renée Otis link
4/4/2022 15:03:22

So interesting ! Many thanks to share your experience and expertise.

Reply
Dr. Jessica Grimm link
4/4/2022 15:16:56

You are very welcome, Marie-Renee! By the way, I loved your episode of FiberTalk. It sounds like you live in a very beautiful place too.

Reply
Mina
4/4/2022 15:32:47

I've been gnashing my teeth over not being able to join your course because my holiday money is going to be spent on visiting Oberammergau this year -- only to check google maps and realise that Glentleiten is thirty minutes away by car from Oberammergau.
Hmm, let's see if I can plan my visit so that I can see you work (or join the course, but I doubt it).

Maybe wearing several layers of woolen skirts with an oven is actually nicer than modern textiles, due to the way the (warm) air circulates? At least I found wearing long dresses or skirts much more pleasant in the summer than shorts due to this. I'm looking forward to reading about your experiences.

Reply
Dr. Jessica Grimm link
4/4/2022 15:40:45

Are you going to see the Passion play, Mina? I live actually 14 km from Oberammergau, so feel free to let me know when you are coming. I would love to meet up with you!

Reply
Mina
5/4/2022 23:30:08

Yes, seeing the passion play has been a dream for many years, and I can't wait for another decade.

A meet up would be wonderful! I will send you a message if I have a date, but I just want to say that my embroidery knowledge really is just beginner level, both theoretically and practically, but that's why I follow your blog and many others. ;)

Dr. Jessica Grimm link
6/4/2022 13:52:05

No worries, Mina! I am not picky when it comes to embroidery experience level :). Do let me know when you are in the area as I would love to meet up!

Rachel link
4/4/2022 17:17:36

Might the embroiderers have had their feet on a hot brick or stone? And almost certainly, I would think they would have worn fingerless mittens or gloves. It's amazing how much difference it makes if the thin skin at the inside of the wrist is covered...

Reply
Acupictrix - Dr Jessica Grimm link
4/4/2022 17:23:32

Yes, that was very likely the case, Rachel. It already made a huge difference to pull my feet off the ground and place them on the lower bars of my trestles. As I former archaeologist, I just hate to work wearing any kind of gloves :). I need to completely feel what I am doing. And I did find that my hands were actually not the biggest problem; my torso was just cooling out more than I liked. Mind you, my thermos with hot tea even got luke warm. That was another blast from the past: it happens in winter on a dig too.

Reply
Linda Hadden
4/4/2022 19:51:10

Hi Jessica, how interesting and enlightening. I have added this to my list of places to visit, maybe when it's a little warmer. Thank you for sharing xx

Reply
Acupictrix - Dr Jessica Grimm link
4/4/2022 21:08:55

Thank you, Linda! it really is a beautiful museum.

Reply
Rachel Biel link
11/4/2022 00:42:19

That was fun! I looked at a bunch more of those drawings. They all look so sad and even upset... :)

The room that has the gaping planks... You would think that they would have filled them with mud or some kind of stucco. My father grew up on a farm in Minnesota (USA) which is very cold and snowy in the winter. They were very poor. He said that there were gaps in their walls, too, and that he and his brother would wake up with icicles on their eyebrows! I always wondered why they didn't plug those holes with something, even cow dung!

There is a wonderful group of guys from Finland who build replica houses from a long time ago. I don't remember how long ago, but their houses are very thick and sealed well. I watched several videos at one point. This is their YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/neemantools/videos

Reply
Acupictrix - Dr Jessica Grimm link
11/4/2022 09:19:13

Thank you so much for your comment, Rachel! More information on the house has been published by the museum in 1989. I will need to read it to see if they plugged the walls. My parents in law lived in a house with minimal heating and we would wake up with ice on the pillows :(.

Reply



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